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Assata Olugbala Shakur (born JoAnne Deborah Byron on July 16, 1947〔), whose married name was Chesimard,〔 As early as 1973, Shakur referred to Joanne Chesimard as her "slave name".〕〔 "Assata Olugbala Shakur" means "she who struggles—love for the people—the thankful one" in Arabic.〕 is an African-American activist and member of the former Black Panther Party (BPP) and Black Liberation Army (BLA). Between 1971 and 1973, Shakur was accused of several crimes and was the subject of a multistate manhunt.〔〔 In May 1973, Shakur was involved in a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike, in which she was accused of killing New Jersey State Trooper Werner Foerster and grievously assaulting Trooper James Harper.〔 BLA member Zayd Malik Shakur was also killed in the incident, and Shakur was wounded.〔 Between 1973 and 1977, Shakur was indicted in relation to six other incidents—charged with murder, attempted murder, armed robbery, bank robbery, and kidnapping—resulting in three acquittals and three dismissals. In 1977, she was convicted of the first-degree murder of Foerster and of seven other felonies related to the shootout. Shakur was incarcerated in several prisons in the 1970s. She escaped from prison in 1979 and fled to Cuba in 1984 after living as a fugitive for a few years, and received political asylum. She has been living in Cuba ever since. Since May 2, 2005, the FBI has classified her as a domestic terrorist and offered a $1 million reward for assistance in her capture. On May 2, 2013, the FBI added her to the Most Wanted Terrorist List; the first woman to be listed. On the same day, the New Jersey Attorney General offered to match the FBI reward, increasing the total reward for her capture to $2 million. In 1998, Shakur referred to herself as a "20th century escaped slave."〔Rodriguez, 2006, p. 64.〕 ==Early life== Shakur was born in Jamaica, Queens, New York City, on July 16, 1947,〔 According to the FBI, Shakur has also used August 19, 1952, as a birthdate.〕 where she lived for three years with her parents and grandparents, Lula and Frank Hill. After her parents divorced in 1950, Shakur spent most of her childhood in Wilmington, North Carolina with her grandmother, until her family relocated to Queens when she was a teenager.〔〔Scheffler, 2002, p. 203.〕 For a time, she ran away from home and lived with strangers until she was taken in by her aunt, Evelyn Williams, who later became her lawyer. Shakur dropped out of high school, but later earned a General Educational Development (GED) with her aunt's help.〔 Shakur attended Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) and then the City College of New York (CCNY) in the mid-1960s, where she was involved in many political activities, protests, and sit-ins.〔 Shakur was arrested for the first time in 1967 with 100 other BMCC students, on charges of trespassing. The students had chained and locked the entrance to a college building to protest a curriculum deficient in black studies and a lack of black faculty.〔Williams, 1993, p. 7.〕 She married Louis Chesimard, a fellow student-activist at CCNY, in April 1967, and divorced him in December 1970. Shakur devotes only one paragraph of her autobiography to her marriage, attributing its termination to disagreements related to gender roles.〔Perkins, 2000, p. 103.〕 After graduation from CCNY at 23, Shakur became involved in the Black Panther Party (BPP), and eventually became a leading member of the Harlem branch.〔 Prior to joining the BPP, Shakur had met several of its members on a 1970 trip to Oakland, California.〔 One of Shakur's main activities with the BPP was coordinating a school breakfast program. However, she soon left the Party, charging macho behavior of males in these organizations,〔Shakur, 1987, pp. 223–224.〕 but did not go as far as other female Panthers like Regina Jennings, who left the organization over sexual harassment.〔Jones, 1998, p. 52.〕 Instead, Shakur's main criticism of the BPP was its alleged lack of focus on black history: :"The basic problem stemmed from the fact that the BPP had no systematic approach to political education. They were reading the Red Book but didn't know who Harriet Tubman, Marcus Garvey, and Nat Turner were. They talked about intercommunalism but still really believed that the Civil War was fought to free the slaves. A whole lot of them barely understood any kind of history, Black, African or otherwise. () That was the main reason many Party members, in my opinion, underestimated the need to unite with other Black organizations and to struggle around various community issues."〔Shakur, 1987, p. 221.〕 That same year Chesimard changed her name to Assata Shakur〔 and joined the Black Liberation Army (BLA), “a radical and violent organization of black activists” "whose primary objective (was) to fight for the independence and self-determination of Afrikan people in the United States." In 1971, Shakur joined the Republic of New Afrika,〔Browder, 2006, p. 158.〕 an organization formed to create an independent black-majority nation composed of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Assata Shakur」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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